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Standardization of RFID

 

    A survey of RFID Standards

  • 26. BImSchV: „Sechsundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes – Verordnung über elektromagnetische Felder“, mit Erläuterungsteil; in: Wolfgang Kemmer, „Die neue Elektro-smog-Verordnung“, H. Hoffmann GmbH Verlag, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-87344-103-9.
  • AIAG ARF-1 „Application Standard for RFID Devices in the Automotive Industry“.
  • AIAG B-11 „Tire and Wheel Identification Label Standard“
  • ANSI/INCITS 256 „Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)“, NCITS 256 defines a standard for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for use in item management. This standard is intended to allow for compatibility and to encourage interoperability of products for the growing RFID market in the United States.
  • ANS/INCITS 371: „Information Technology – Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS).“
    • Part-1: 2.4 GHz Air Interface Protocol
    • Part-2: 433 MHz Air Interface Protocol
    • Part-3: Application Programming Interface
  • ANSI/MH 10.8.4 „RFID for Returnable Containers.“
  • AWWA  IMT61457 „The Use of Mobile and RFID Data and Field Force Integration in a Major Water Utility“
  • CEPT T/R 60-01:  „Low-power radiolocation equipment for detecting movement and for alert“ (EAS). Technical Recommendation.
    http://www.ero.dk
  • CEPT T/R 22-04: „Harmonisation of frequency bands for Road Transport Information Systems (RTI)“ (Mautsysteme, Frachtidentifikation). Technical Recommendation. http://www.ero.dk
  • ECMA-340: siehe ISO/IEC 18092 (NFCIP-1)
  • ECMA-352: siehe ISO/IEC 21481 (NFCIP-2)
  • ECMA-356: siehe ISO/IEC 22536 (NFCIP-1; RF Interface Test Methods)
  • ECMA-362 siehe ISO/IEC 23917 (NFCIP-2; Protocol Test Methods for NFC)
  • EN 50061: „Sicherheit implantierbarer Herzschrittmacher“. Vorschriften zum Schutz vor Fehlfunktion durch elektromagnetische Beeinflussung (entspricht VDE 0750). http://www.etsi.org
  • EN 300 220: „Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 25 MHz to 1 000 MHz frequency range with power levels ranging up to 500 mW;“ http://www.etsi.org
  • Part-1: Technical characteristics and test methods
    • Part-2: Supplementary parameters not intended for conformity purposes
    • Part-3: Harmonized EN covering essential requirements under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive
  • EN 300 330: „Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment in the frequency range 9 kHz to 25 MHz and inductive loop systems in the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz“; http://www.etsi.org
    • Part-1: Technical characteristics and test methods
    • Part-2: Harmonized EN under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive
  • EN 300 440: „Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Short Range Devices, Technical characteristics and test methods for radio equipment to be used in the 1 GHz to 25 GHz frequency range with power levels ranging up to 500 mW“; http://www.etsi.org
  • ETS 300 683: „Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for Short Range Devices (SRD) operating on frequencies between 9 kHz and 25 GHz“; http://www.etsi.org
  • EN 300 761: „Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) for railways operating in the 2,45 GHz frequency range“;
    http://www.etsi.org
    • Part-1: Technical characteristics and methods of measurement
    • Part-2: Harmonized standard covering essential requirements under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive
  • EN 300 674: „Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters (ERM); Road Transport and Traffic Telematics (RTTT); Technical characteristics and test methods for Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) transmission equipment (500 kbit/s / 250 kbit/s) operating in the 5,8 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band“;
    http://www.etsi.org
  • EN 301 489: „Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services“; http://www.etsi.org
    • Part-1: Common technical requirements
    • Part-2: Specific requirements for radio paging equipement
    • Part-3: Specific requirements for Short Range Devices (SRD) operating on frequencies between 9 kHz and 25 GHz
    • Part-4: Specific requirements for fixed radio links and ancillary equipment and services
    • Part-5: Specific requirements for Private and Mobile Radio (PMR) and ancillary equipment (speech and non-speech)
    • Part-6: Specific conditions for Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) equipment
    • Part-7: Specific conditions for mobile and portable radio and ancillary equipment of digital cellular radio telecommunications systems (GSM and DCS)
    • Part-8: Specific requirements for GSM base stations
    • Part-9: Specific conditions for wireless microphones and similar Radio Frequency (RF) audio link equipment
    • Part-10: Specific conditions for First (CT1 and CT1+) and Second Generation Cordless Telephone (CT2) equipment
    • Part-11: Specific conditions for FM broadcasting transmitters
    • Part-12: Specific conditions for Earth Stations operated in the frequency ranges between 4 GHz and 30 GHz in the Fixed Satellite Service (FSS)
    • Part-13: Specific conditions for Citizens' Band (CB) radio and ancillary equipment (speech and non-speech)
    • Part-15: Specific conditions for commercially available amateur radio equipment
    • Part-16: Specific conditions for analogue cellular radio communications equipment, mobile and portable
    • Part-17: Specific requirements for Wideband data and HIPERLAN
    • Part-18: Specific requirements for Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA)
    • Part-19: Specific conditions for Receive Only Mobile Earth Stations (ROMES) operating in the 1,5 GHz band providing data communications
    • Part-20: Specific conditions for Mobile Earth Stations (MES) used in the Mobile Satellite Services (MSS)
    • Part-22: Specific requirements for VHF aeronautical mobile and fixed radios
  • ERC/DEC 92-02: „CEPT/ERC Decision on the frequency bands to be designated for the coordinated introduction of Road Transport Telematic Systems“;
    http://www.ero.dk
  • ERC/DEC 97-10: „CEPT/ERC Decision on the mutual recognition of conformity assessment procedures including marking of radio equipment and radio terminal equipment“; http://www.ero.dk
  • ERC/DEC 01-01: „CEPT/ERC Decision: Non-specific short range devices in 6765 – 6795 kHz and 13.552 – 13.567 MHz“; http://www.ero.dk
  • ERC/DEC 01-02: „CEPT/ERC Decision: Non-specific short range devices in 26.957 – 27.283 MHz“; http://www.ero.dk
  • ERC/DEC 01-03: „CEPT/ERC Decision: Non-specific short range devices in 40.660 – 40.700 MHz“; http://www.ero.dk
  • ERC/DEC 01-04: „CEPT/ERC Decision: Non-specific short range devices in 868.0 – 868.6 MHz, 868.7 – 869.2 MHz, 869.4 – 869.65 MHz, 869.7 – 870.0 MHz“; http://www.ero.dk
  • ERC/DEC 01-05: „CEPT/ERC Decision: Non-specific short range devices in 2400 – 2483.5 MHz“; http://www.ero.dk
  • ERC/DEC 01-13: „CEPT/ERC Decision: Short range devices for inductive applications in 9 – 59,750 kHz, 59 .750 – 60.250 kHz, 60.250 – 70 kHz, 70 – 119 kHz and 119 – 135 kHz“; http://www.ero.dk
  • ERC/DEC 01-14: „CEPT/ERC Decision: Short range devices for inductive applications in 6765 – 6795 kHz, 13,553 – 13.567 MHz“; http://www.ero.dk
  • ERC/DEC 01-15: „CEPT/ERC Decision: Short range devices for inductive applications in 7400 – 8800 kHz“; http://www.ero.dk
  • ERC/DEC 01-16: „CEPT/ERC Decision: Short range devices for inductive applications in 26.957 – 27.283 MHz“; http://www.ero.dk
  • ERC/REC 01-06: „CEPT/ERC Recommendation: Procedure for mutual recognition of type testing and type-approval for radio equipment“;
    http://www.ero.dk
  • ERC/REC 70-03: „CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)“; http://www.ero.dk
  • ETSI TS 102 190: siehe ISO/IEC 18092 (NFCIP-1)
  • ETSI TS 102 312: siehe ISO/IEC 21481 (NFCIP-2)
  • ETSI TS 102 345: siehe ISO/IEC 22536 (NFCIP-1; RF Interface Test Methods)
  • ISO/IEC 6346 „Freight containers – Coding, identification and marking“
  • ISO/IEC 7810: „Identification cards – Physical characteristics“
  • ISO/IEC 7816: „Identification cards – Integrated circuit(s) cards with contacts“
    • Part-1: Physical characteristics
    • Part-2: Dimensions and location of the contacts
    • Part-3: Electronic signals and transmission protocols
    • Part-4: Interindustry commands for interchange
    • Part-5: Registration system for applications in IC Cards
    • Part-6: Interindustry Data Elements
    • Part-7: Interindustry commands for Structured Card Query Language (SCQL)
    • Part-8: Security architecture and related interindustry commands
    • Part-9: Enhanced interindustry commands
    • Part-10: Electronic signals and answer to reset for synchronous cards
    • Part-11: Card structure and enhanced functions for multi-application use
    • Part-12: Cryptographic information application
  • ISO/IEC 8824-1: „Information technology – Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) – Specification of basic notation.“
  • ISO/IEC 8825-1: „Information technology – ASN.1 encoding rules – Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER).
  • ISO/IEC 9798: „Information technology – Security techniques – Entity authentication“. Grundlagen und Beschreibung von Authentifizierungsverfahren.
    • Part-1: General
    • Part-2: Mechanisms using symmetric encipherment algorithms
    • Part-3: Mechanisms using digital signature techniques
    • Part-4: Mechanisms using a cryptographic check functions
    • Part-5: Mechanisms using zero knowledge techniques
  • ISO/IEC 9834-1: 1993/Amd.2: 1988 „Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Procedures for the operation of OSI Registration Authorities: General Procedures.“
  • ISO/IEC 10373: „Identification Cards – Test methods“. Prüfmethoden für  „Plastikkärtchen“; zum Prüfen des Kartenkörpers und der eingebauten Kartenelemente (Magnetstreifen, Halbleiterchips). Die Norm besteht aus folgen-den Teilen:
    • Part-1: General
    • Part-2: Magnetic strip technologies
    • Part-3: Integrated circuit cards (kontaktbehaftete Chipkarten)
    • Part-4: Contactless integrated circuit cards (close-coupling)
    • Part-5: Optical memory cards
    • Part-6: Proximity cards (kontaktlose Chipkarten nach ISO/IEC 14443)
    • Part-7: Vicinity cards (kontaktlose Chipkarten nch ISO/IEC 15693)
  • ISO/IEC 10374: „Container – Automatische Identifizierung“ („Freight containers – Automatic identification“ ). Automatische Identifizierung von Fracht-Containern durch ein 2,45 GHz-Transpondersystem.
  • ISO/IEC 10536: „Identification cards – Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards“. Kontaktlose Chipkarten in Close-coupling-Technologie. Die Norm besteht aus folgenden Teilen:
    • Part-1: Physical characteristics
    • Part-2:  Dimensions and location of coupling areas
    • Part-3:  Electronic signals and reset procedures
    • Part-4:  Answer to reset and transmission protocols
  • ISO/IEC 11784: „Radio-frequency identification of animals – code structure“; Identifizierung von Tieren durch RFID-Systeme. Beschreibung der Datenstruktur.
  • ISO/IEC 11785: „Radio-frequency identification of animals – technical concept“; Identifizierung von Tieren durch RFID-Systeme. Beschreibung der RF-Übertragungsverfahren.
  • ISO/IEC 14223: „Radio-frequency identification of animals – Advanced Transponders“:
    • Part-1: Air Interface
    • Part-2: Code and command structure
  • ISO/IEC 14443: „Identification cards – Proximity integrated circuit(s) cards“:
    • Part-1:  Physical characteristics
    • Part-2:  Radio frequency interface
    • Part-3:  Initialization and anticollision
    • Part-4:  Transmission protocols
  • ISO/IEC 14816: „Road Traffic and Transport Telematics  – Automatic Vehicle and Equipment Identification – Numbering and Data Structures“
  • ISO/IEC 15459: „Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – Unique identifiers for item management“
    • Part-1: Unique identification of transport units
    • Part-2: Registration procedures
    • Part-3: Common rules for unique identification
    • Part-4:  Unique item identification for supply chain management
    • Part-5: Uniqe identification of returnable transport items (RTIs)
    • Part-6: Unique identification for product groupings in material lifecyle management
  • ISO/IEC 15693: „Identification cards – contactless integrated circuit(s) cards – Vicinity Cards“
    • Part-1:  Physical characteristics
    • Part-2:  Air interface and initialisation
    • Part-3:  Protocols
    • Part-4:  Registration of Applications/issuers
  • ISO/IEC 15961: „Information technology – RFID for Item Management – Data protocol: application interface“.
  • ISO/IEC 15962: „Information technology – RFID for Item Management – Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions“.
  • ISO/IEC 15963: „Unique Identification of RF tag and Registration Authority to manage the uniqueness“.
    • Part-1: Numbering System
    • Part-2: Procedural Standard
    • Part-3: Use of the unique identification of RF tag in the integrated circuit
  • ISO/IEC 17358: „Supply chain application for RFID – Application requirements“.
  • ISO/IEC 17363: „Supply chain application for RFID – Freight containers“.
  • ISO/IEC 17364: „Supply chain application for RFID – Transport units“.
  • ISO/IEC 17365: „Supply chain application for RFID – Returnable transport items“,
  • ISO/IEC 17366: „Supply chain application for RFID – Product packaging“.
  • ISO/IEC 17367: „Supply chain application for RFID – Product tagging“.
  • ISO/IEC 18000: „RFID for Item Management: Air Interface“.
    • Part-1: Generic Parameter for Air Interface Communication for Globally Accepted Frequencies
    • Part-2: Parameters for Air Interface Communication below 135 kHz
    • Part-3: Parameters for Air Interface Communication at 13.56 MHz
    • Part-4: Parameters for Air Interface Communication at 2.45 GHz
    • Part-5: Parameters for Air Interface Communication at 5.8 GHz
    • Part-6: Parameters for Air Interface Communication - UHF Frequency Band (868 / 915 MHz)
  • ISO/IEC 18001: „Information technology  – Radio frequency identification for item management – Application requirements profiles“.
  • ISO/IEC 18046: „RFID Tag and Interrogator Performance Test Methods“.
  • ISO/IEC 18047: „Information technology – Radio frequency identification device conformance test methods“. Testmethoden für ISO/IEC 18000
    • Part-3: Test methods for air interface communications at 13.56 MHz
    • Part-4: Test methods for air interface communications at 2.45 GHz
    • Part-7: Test methods for air interface communications at 433 MHz
  • ISO/IEC 18092: „Near Field Communication (NFC) Interface and Protocol-1 (NFCIP-1).“
  • ISO/IEC 18185: „Freight containers – Radio frequency communication protocol for electronic seal“.
    • Part-1: Communication protocol
    • Part-2: Application requirements
    • Part-3: Environmental characteristics
    • Part-4: Data protection
    • Part-5: Sensor interface
    • Part-6:  Message sets for transfer btw. seal reader and host computer
    • Part-7: Physical layer
  • ISO/IEC 19762: „Information technology AIDC techniques – Harmonized vocabulary“.
    • Part-1: General terms relating to Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC).
    • Part-2: Optically readable media (ORM).
    • Part-3: Radio frequency identification (RFID).
  • ISO/IEC 21007: „Gas Cylinders – Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology“
    • Part-1: Reference Architecture and Terminology
    • Part-2: Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency
  • ISO/IEC 21481: „Near Field Communication (NFC) Interface and Protocol-2 (NFCIP-2).“
  • ISO/IEC 22536: „Near Field Communication (NFC) Interface and Protocol-1 (NFCIP-1); RF Interface Test Methods.“
  • ISO/IEC 23389: „Freight containers – read write radio frequency identification (RFID)“.
  • ISO/IEC 23917: „Near Field Communication (NFC) Interface and Protocol-2 (NFCIP-2); Protocol Test Methods for NFC.“
  • ISO/IEC 24710: „Information technology AIDC techniques – RFID for Item Management – ISO/IEC 18000 Air Interface Communications – Elementary Tag license-plate functionality for ISO/IEC 18000 air interface definitions“.
  • ISO/IEC 24729: „Information technology – Radio frequency identification for item management – Implementation guidelines.“
    • Part-1: RFID-enabled labels and packaging
    • Part-2: Recyclability of RF tags
    • Part-3: RFID interrogator/antenna installation
  • ISO 69873: „Werkzeuge und Spannzeuge mit Datenträgern – Maße für Datenträger und deren Einbauraum“.
  • S-918-00: AAR Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices Railway Electronics, S-918: „Standard for Automatic Equipment Identification“ Adopted: 1991; Revised: 1995, 2000
  • VDE 0848:  „Sicherheit in elektromagnetischen Feldern“ (Teil 2 – Schutz von Personen im Frequenzbereich 30 kHz bis 300 GHz, Teil 4A2 – Schutz von Personen im Frequenzbereich 0 Hz bis 30 kHz)
  • VDE 0750: Siehe EN 50061
  • VDI 4470 - Teil 1: „Warensicherungssysteme – Kundenabnahmerichtlinie für Schleusensysteme“; Ermittlung der Erkennungsrate und Detektionsrate bei der Inbetriebnahme von EAS-Systemen vor Ort.
  • VDI 4470 - Teil 2: „Warensicherungssysteme – Kundenabnahmerichtlinie für Deaktivierungsanlagen“; Prüfung von Deaktivierungsanlagen für EAS-Systeme.

    • (August 2006)

    ISO 14443 (ISO SC17/WG8) - proximity cards

    Part 1: Physical Characteristics

    Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface

    Part 3: Initialization and anticollision

    Part 4: Transmission protocol

    Common parameters

    Power Supply: 13,56 MHz, inductive coupling
    Field strength: 1,5 .. 7,5 A/m

    Type A:

    Downlink:
    ASK 100%, modified Miller Code, 106 kBit/s
    Uplink:
    Loadmodulation with 847 kHz Subcarrier ASK-modulated,  Manchester Code, 106 kBit/s
    Anticollision:
    Binary search tree

    Type B:

    Downlink:
    ASK 10%, NRZ Code, 106 kBit/s
    Uplink:
    Loadmodulation with 847 kHz Sucarrierer BPSK (bi-phase shift keying) modulated, NRZ Code, 106 kBit/s
    Anticollision:
    Slotted Aloha

    ISO 15693 (ISO SC17/WG8) - vicinity cards

    Part 1: Physical Characteristics

    Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface

    Part 3: Anticollision and transmission protocol

    Power supply:

    13,56 MHz inductive coupling,
    0,15 .. 7,5 A/m

    Downlink (data transmission reader > card)

    Modulation:
    10% ASK, 100% ASK (card supports both)
    Bit coding:
    “1 out of 256”, “1 out of 4” (card supports both)
    Baud rate:
    1.65 kBit/s, 26.48 kBit/s (card supports both)

    Uplink (data transmission card > reader)

    Modulation:
    Load modulation with subcarrier
    Bit coding:
    Manchester, the subcarrier is ASK (423 kHz) or FSK (423/485 kHz) modulated
    Baud rate:
    6.62 kBit/s, 26.48 kBit/s (selected by reader)

     

    Free sample reader: chapter 3 (Fundamental Operating Principles of RFID-Systems)

last update:
02 Dezember, 2011

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